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You have full access to this open access article. The boundary lubrication mechanism at the articulating surface of natural synovial joints has been the subject of much discussion in tribology.
In this study, to elucidate the lubricating function of the superficial area of articular cartilage and synovial fluid SF , cartilage specimens were processed with four different treatments: gentle and severe washing with detergent, incubation in NaCl solution, and trypsin digestion to selectively remove certain constituents from the cartilage surface. Subsequently, the frictional characteristics were examined in phosphate-buffered saline PBS and SF against glass.
Angularly reciprocating sliding tests with a spherical glass probe and square articular cartilage specimens were performed at low contact loads in the mN range to extract the frictional behavior in the superficial area of the cartilage specimens. Meanwhile, the cartilage surface was observed to confirm the effects of treatments on the morphology of the cartilage surface using a fluorescence microscope and water-immersion methods.
The coefficient of friction COF of the prepared cartilage specimens was varied from 0. However, a certain group of cartilage specimens exhibited a low COF of less than 0.
For the low COF group of specimens, all four treatments increased the COF in PBS to different extents, and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the integrity of the cartilage surface was deteriorated by treatments. This means that the intact cartilage surface had lubricating constituents to maintain low friction, and the removal of such constituents resulted in the loss of the intrinsic boundary lubricity of the cartilage surface.