However, the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD have not been fully understood. COPD related features including emphysema, mucus accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis are examined by tissue staining, FACS analysis, cytokine measurement.
Cell death and ferroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells were further evaluated by multiple assays including staining, FACS analysis and lipidomics. As most of these lipid species are highly associated with ferroptosis, we confirmed ENDS also enhanced ferroptosis marker CD71 in both type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD is a primary leading cause of death with limited treatment options, accounting for more than 3 million deaths worldwide annually 1.
The phenotypes of COPD are characterized by limitations in expiratory airflow, emphysematous destruction of the lungs, chronic bronchitis, and inflammation of the lung tissue. Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for COPD. While cigarette smoking in the U. As ENDS are perceived as safer than traditional cigarettes, they are often used to assist in smoking cessation. The risk of cigarette smoking and its contribution to chronic lung diseases has been well characterized. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the effects of ENDS usage on chronic lung conditions is essential.
ENDS include vape pens, hookah pens, and electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes or e-cigs , which transport noncombustible vaporized nicotine products to the lungs 4. The common components of e-cigarette liquid include nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavorings, and other ingredients.
When heated, the nicotine-containing e-cigarette liquid generates vapor, which will be inhaled into the lungs. Vaporization of e-liquid generates toxic compounds similar to cigarette smoke.
