Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Evidence regarding the potential health effects of dietary amino acids glutamine and glutamate among individuals with type 2 diabetes T2D is limited.
The aim was to examine dietary glutamine and glutamate in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease CVD and mortality among individuals with T2D. Diet was repeatedly assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires every 2—4 y. Associations of energy-adjusted glutamine and glutamate intake, as well as their ratio, with CVD risk and mortality, were assessed using Cox proportional-hazards models with adjustments for demographics, dietary and lifestyle factors, and medical history.
During , and , person-years of follow-up in participants with T2D, there were incident CVD cases and deaths, respectively. Furthermore, comparing extreme quintiles, a higher dietary glutamine-to-glutamate ratio was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence 0.
In adults with T2D, dietary glutamine was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality, whereas the opposite was observed for glutamate intake. Keywords: Dietary glutamine, dietary glutamate, cardiovascular disease, mortality, type 2 diabetes, cohort study. Type 2 diabetes T2D has become a global public health challenge [ 1 ]. Cardiovascular disease CVD is the primary complication and the leading cause of death in individuals with diabetes [ 2 ].
It is of particular importance to develop effective strategies, such as dietary interventions, to reduce CVD risk among individuals with diabetes.
