Addition to a significant decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation in the IOE group, which inhibited energy intake by propionate enrichment, hepatic lipids were also significantly reduced in the mice in the IOP group, which was largely enriched with butyrate. Propionate reduced weight gain in mice by inhibiting energy intake. Butyrate increased energy consumption, TCA cycle levels, and degradation of carbohydrates and lipids in mice by promoting mitochondrial decoupling. Moreover, we found the connections between cecal butyrate not propionate and chemicals of mice, including four metabolites of the TCA cycle and other metabolism-related chemicals.
The extract was deproteinized by the Sevage method five times. The supernatant was dried in vacuo and lyophilized to get IOP The supernatant was dried in vacuo and lyophilized to get IOE The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jilin University and complied with national laws. After 14 weeks of treatment, the mice were sacrificed for specimens. OGTT was performed using a previously described method.
Serum and liver lipid were measured using the method of kits obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute Nanjing, China. Cecum contents were washed from cecum in a 2 mL Eppendorf tube containing 1. All samples were thawed at room temperature. Sixty-four free induction decays were collected into 64 K data points with a spectral width of All of the spectra were manually phased and baseline-corrected in software MestreNova Each spectrum was segmented into regions with a width of 0.
All remaining regions of the spectra were then normalized to the total sum of the integrated spectral area to reduce any significant concentration differences. DNA extraction, sequencing, and data processing were performed using a previously described method. Four parameters of the alpha diversity were used to assess the overall diversity thoroughly. In addition, a higher Shannon index or a lower Simpson index indicates higher community diversity.
Unlike alpha diversity, beta diversity was used to measure the division of diversity between two or more communities. Microbial communities had often been characterized using divergence-based measures of beta diversity to determine whether two or more communities were significantly different. We used PICRUSt phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states to perform functional predictions. One-way analysis of variance ANOVA was performed to identify significant differences among four groups, followed by the indicated post hoc test lysergic acid diethylamide LSD comparison test.
