Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Human papilloma viruses HPVs belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are epitheliotropic infecting squamous epithelia skin and mucosae. The route of HPV transmission is primarily through skin-to-skin or skin-to-mucosa contact. Sexual transmission is the most documented, but there have been studies suggesting non-sexual courses. The horizontal transfer of HPV includes fomites, fingers, and mouth, skin contact other than sexual.
Self-inoculation is described in studies as a potential HPV transmission route, as it was certified in female virgins, and in children with genital warts low-risk HPV without a personal history of sexual abuse. Vertical transmission from mother to child is another HPV transfer course. Several studies have emphasized the possibility of infection through the amniotic fluid, or the placenta, or via contact with maternal genital mucosa during natural birth.
Routine hygiene measures are proven to be inefficient in preventing HPV transmission, as the studies which have evaluated samples of HPV on contaminated medical equipment after standard disinfection have found them to be still positive.
Once the HPV vaccine program in Australia was launched, many studies reported the initial effects: A decrease in the incidence of high-grade cervical abnormalities, no new genital warts cases in females under 21 years.
Promoting greater understanding in the general public about the evident benefits of vaccination can create positive vaccine attitudes and scatter the myths of spurious side effects. Human papilloma viruses HPVs belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses with over types identified 1.
