Comparative Migration Studies volume 7 , Article number: 1 Cite this article. Metrics details. A Correction to this article was published on 06 February Even though France and Germany have different state-level approaches to citizenship and belonging, the experiences of marginalization and exclusion of the second generation in the city are rather similar. In both societies, ethnic and religious minorities such as the North African or Turkish second-generation are excluded from mainstream society.
This exclusion is experienced on the local level. This research has implications for understanding the multivariate experiences of middle-class second-generation ethnic populations across Europe.
Cities all over the world are increasingly super-diverse Crul, ; Vertovec, Due to various waves of migration, urban populations are heterogeneous along various dimensions, such as nationality, ethnic background, religion, citizenship status, lifestyle, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status.
Wessendorf , p. In such neighborhoods, diversity is generally viewed positively. Despite positive accounts of lived diversity, there are still many examples of exclusionary boundary drawing based on various social categories. Attachment to place can also involve challenging existing place meanings and conferring social status.
Particularly in socially and ethnically mixed neighborhoods, however, place attachment is enabled through drawing boundaries against groups that are perceived as different from oneself. Such studies usually focus on processes of boundary drawing of white middle classes.
